Physical Property Measurement System (PPMS®)

Helium-3 Refrigerator Option

• Continuous operation down to 0.5 K
• Designed for heat capacity and resistivity measurements

Dilution Refrigerator Option

• Continuous operation from 4 K down to 50 mK
• Designed for heat capacity and electro-transport measurements

Heat Capacity Option

• Completely automated relaxation technique from 1.9 - 400 K
• Integrated data acquisition electronics and analysis software

Thermal Transport Option

AC Resistivity ρ

• Measured by using precision DSP current source and phase-sensitive voltage detection (AC Transport).

Thermal Conductivity κ

• Measured by applying heat from the heater shoe in order to create a user-specified temperature differential between the two thermometer shoes.

Seebeck Coefficient α

• Measured by creating a specified temperature drop between the two thermometer shoes - just as it does to measure thermal conductivity. However, for Seebeck coefficient the voltage drop created between the thermometer shoes is also monitored.

Thermoelectric Figure of Merit ZT

• Determined here simply as the algebraic combination α²T /(κρ) of the three measured quantities - thermal conductivity, Seebeck coefficient, and AC electrical resistivity.

Vibrating Sample Magnetometer Option (VSM)

• RMS Sensitivity: < 10^-6 emu with 1 sec averaging
• Optional VSM Oven up to 1000 K

Torque Magnetometry Option

• Measures the magnetic torque = mBsinθ

• Designed to measure moments of very small anisotropic samples

AC Susceptibility & DC Magnetization Option (ACMS)

• Digital signal processing for increased sensitivity: 10^-8 emu (AC); 2.5 x 10^-5 emu (DC)
• Direct phase nulling technique measures and cancels background AC phase shifts at every measurement

Ultra Low Field Option (ULF)

• Reduces residual field to < 0.1 G

AC Transport Option

• For performing AC Resistivity, Hall Effect, I-V Curve Tracing, and Critical Current measurements
• 1 nV sensitivity, nΩ resolution at 2 A
• Drive amplitude 10 μA to 2 A

DC Resistivity Option

• Four independent channels for performing DC resistivity

Electrical Transport Option (ETO)

• For performing AC Resistance, Hall Effect, I-V, and Differential Resistance (dV/dI vs. I) measurements.

• 1nV sensitivity, 10 nΩ resolution at 100 mA
• AC and DC drive amplitude 5 nA to 100 mA
• Resistance ranges from 10 µΩ to 5 GΩ

Horizontal & Vertical Sample Rotators

• Thermometer located on rotator platform.
• Precision, stepper controlled rotator.

Multi-Function Probe

• Direct axial ports to the sample stage are provided to install light pipes, fiber optic cables, microwave guides and/or extra electrical leads.